A healthy 4-month-old is being fed an improperly diluted infant formula, receiving more water than recommended. The infant presents with a seizure. This clinical scenario is best described as?
A 5-year-old child with acute glomerulonephritis develops edema and is found to be in a state of volume overload. His effective intravascular volume is low, leading to avid renal sodium retention. What is the primary mediator of this sodium retention in response to the decreased effective intravascular volume?
A 1-year-old infant with viral diarrhea has ongoing stool losses. Which of the following best represents the average sodium concentration in the diarrheal fluid that needs to be accounted for in replacement therapy?
A 3-year-old boy with known cystic fibrosis is brought in during a heatwave with lethargy and muscle cramps. His laboratory results show hyponatremia. The metabolic panel is most likely to show a concurrent?
A 4-year-old boy presents with severe gastroenteritis and is found to have hypovolemic hyponatremia with a serum sodium of 128 mEq/L. He is given several boluses of 0.9% normal saline, and his perfusion improves. Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which restoring intravascular volume helps correct the hyponatremia?
A 7-year-old girl is in the ICU with sepsis and is noted to have a serum sodium of 130 mEq/L, a low serum osmolality of 270 mOsm/kg, and a urine osmolality of 450 mOsm/kg. Her urine sodium is 50 mEq/L. She is clinically euvolemic. These findings are most consistent with?
A 10-year-old girl receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia develops tumor lysis syndrome. She is noted to have an elevated serum potassium. Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is also expected and contributes to the overall clinical picture?
An 8-year-old girl with central diabetes insipidus is admitted with severe dehydration and a serum sodium of 172 mEq/L after a bout of gastroenteritis prevented her from drinking. After initial resuscitation with normal saline boluses, a continuous infusion is started. If her serum sodium drops to 155 mEq/L in the first 12 hours, what is the most appropriate immediate action?
An 8-year-old with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is brought in for weakness and fatigue. The patient is found to have acidosis and hyperkalemia. What medication should be avoided in this patient?
A 6-week-old male infant presents with failure to thrive, recurrent respiratory infections, and a rash resembling miliaria rubra. Labs reveal hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and a metabolic acidosis. His aldosterone level is markedly elevated. This clinical picture is most consistent with which diagnosis?
