A tall, thin 16-year-old male presents to the emergency department with an acute onset of sharp, right-sided chest pain and shortness of breath that started after a severe coughing fit. He has no significant past medical history but admits to occasional e-cigarette use. A chest radiograph confirms a pneumothorax. What is the most appropriate classification for this patient’s pneumothorax?
A 7-year-old girl with a history of severe adenovirus pneumonia as a toddler presents with a persistent, daily wet cough for the past two years, which has been unresponsive to multiple courses of oral antibiotics. Physical examination reveals localized crackles over the left lower lobe and mild digital clubbing. Which imaging modality is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the most likely underlying condition?
A fetal ultrasound at 24 weeks of gestation shows a large microcystic lung lesion, and the maternal-fetal medicine specialist is concerned about the risk of developing fetal hydrops. Which measurement or ratio is commonly used to predict the risk of an infant with a congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) developing hydrops?
A 7-year-old boy presents with chronic mouth breathing and nasal obstruction. On examination, you visualize bilateral, glistening, gray, grapelike masses in the nasal passages. What is the most important underlying condition to evaluate for in this child?
A 14-year-old boy is brought to the clinic for evaluation of a chest wall deformity. His parents have noticed a prominent “pigeon chest.” On physical examination, there is a clear anterior protrusion of the sternum and adjacent cartilages. What is the most likely diagnosis for this deformity?
A 17-year-old male presents with a one-week history of worsening cough, shortness of breath, nausea, and fever. He reports daily use of a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing vaping device obtained from an informal source. Imaging reveals bilateral ground-glass opacities. In the context of the 2019 outbreak of E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), which substance used as a diluent in vaping products was most strongly implicated as a cause?
A 3-year-old is diagnosed with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 after presenting with progressively worsening hoarseness. The mother had vaginal condylomas during pregnancy and asks about prevention for future pregnancies. Which statement is the most accurate regarding this condition?
A 1-year-old child with no prior respiratory issues develops an abrupt onset of wheezing and persistent cough. The parents report the symptoms began suddenly while the child was eating peanuts. On physical exam, you note decreased air entry over the right lower lobe. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A 7-year-old boy presents with a persistent, loud, “honking” cough for the past two months that started after an upper respiratory infection. The cough is very disruptive in the classroom, but his mother reports it completely disappears when he is asleep or engrossed in a video game. Physical examination and chest radiography are unremarkable. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 15-year-old African American female presents with fatigue, a non-productive cough, and is found to have bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on a chest radiograph. A bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial biopsy is performed. Which of the following BAL fluid analysis results would be most suggestive of sarcoidosis?
