A 3-year-old child aspirates a small amount of furniture polish (an aliphatic hydrocarbon) and develops a cough. What is the expected clinical and radiographic course?
A 3-year-old child presents with a history of chronic fatigue and pallor. A chest radiograph reveals diffuse alveolar infiltrates, raising suspicion for pulmonary hemosiderosis. A bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is performed 60 hours after a suspected acute bleeding episode. What finding in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is considered diagnostic for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage?
A 10-year-old boy who helps his father clean their pigeon coop develops recurrent episodes of fever, cough, and dyspnea 4-6 hours after working. If a bronchoalveolar lavage is performed, what is the most characteristic cellular profile that would support the most likely diagnosis and help differentiate it from other interstitial lung diseases?
A 9-month-old infant is referred for evaluation of persistent tachypnea, crackles on auscultation, and mild hypoxemia that have been present since he was 2 months old. He has no history of wheezing or significant cough and is failing to thrive. A chest CT shows geographic ground-glass opacities predominantly in the right middle lobe and lingula. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 2-month-old infant is found deceased in their crib. Autopsy reveals hypoplasia of the arcuate nucleus and extensive serotonergic abnormalities in the brainstem, including decreased serotonin (5-HT) receptor binding. These neuropathologic findings suggest the infant had an underlying vulnerability due to a primary deficit in which physiological response?
A 4-year-old child presents with a history of gaining 20 pounds in the last 12 months. Evaluation reveals central hypothyroidism, disordered water balance, and sleep-disordered breathing that evolves to to central alveolar hypoventilation requiring ventilatory support. Genetic testing for PHOX2B pathogenic variants is negative. Which finding most definitively distinguishes this child’s condition, rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD), from late-onset congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (LO-CCHS)?
A 5-year-old boy hospitalized with Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia has persistent high fevers and increasing respiratory distress despite 72 hours of appropriate intravenous antibiotic therapy. A chest radiograph shows a large right-sided pleural effusion. A diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis is performed. Which of the following pleural fluid characteristics most strongly indicates the need for chest tube drainage?
