A pediatric gastroenterology fellow is preparing a presentation on indications for liver transplantation. She is reviewing data on the most common underlying diagnoses leading to transplantation in children in the United States. Which of the following conditions is the most common indication for liver transplantation in the pediatric population?
A 9-year-old boy with a 24-hour history of abdominal pain is diagnosed with uncomplicated acute appendicitis via ultrasound. His family opts for nonoperative management with antibiotics. Which finding would be the strongest or most significant predictor of failure for this approach?
A 9-month-old infant is brought to the clinic for evaluation of bright red blood seen on the surface of his stool and crying during defecation. On examination, separating the infant’s buttocks reveals a minor linear laceration in the posterior midline of the anal mucocutaneous junction. What is the most appropriate initial treatment for this condition?
A 4-year-old child in a daycare center develops profuse watery diarrhea. Several other children and staff members are ill with vomiting and diarrhea that began 24-48 hours after exposure. The stool is non-bloody, and the child has a low-grade fever. What is the most likely causative agent?
A 10-year-old boy with a known diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) presents to the emergency department with hematemesis. His physical exam is notable for massive splenomegaly. An endoscopy confirms bleeding from large esophageal varices. Which associated hepatic pathology is the most likely cause of his portal hypertension and varices?
A 15-year-old presents with an intensely pruritic, papulovesicular rash on his elbows and knees. A skin biopsy confirms dermatitis herpetiformis. This condition is a manifestation of celiac disease and is most directly caused by which mechanism?
A 2-year-old boy who is currently undergoing toilet training presents with a history of a reddish, beehive-shaped mass protruding from his anus during defecation. The mass typically reduces spontaneously or with gentle pressure from a parent. In addition to constipation, which underlying condition must be ruled out as part of the initial evaluation?
An 18-month-old boy presents with severe diarrhea, failure to thrive, and hypoproteinemic edema. His older sister had a similar presentation and was diagnosed with an autosomal recessive disorder of digestion. If this child has enterokinase deficiency, what is the primary pathophysiologic defect?
As part of a health screening, an 18-year-old who completed the full hepatitis B vaccine series in childhood undergoes serology testing. The results are: HBsAg negative, total anti-HBc negative, and anti-HBs positive. What is the correct interpretation of these results?
A 10-year-old boy has recurrent, stereotypical episodes of severe, incapacitating midline abdominal pain that last about 2 hours and are associated with pallor and anorexia. He is healthy between episodes, which have occurred three times in the last 6 months. According to the Rome IV criteria, which feature is required to diagnose abdominal migraine?
