An 8-year-old boy is undergoing treatment for low-grade glioma. The oncologist plans to add a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) to inhibit angiogenesis. Which of the following biologic agents would be selected for this purpose?
A 17-year-old female is diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cytogenetic analysis reveals a t(15;17) translocation. This specific finding is associated with which subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia and indicates a favorable response to therapy with all-trans-retinoic acid?
An 18-month-old is diagnosed with an abdominal mass, and the workup confirms high-risk neuroblastoma. Genetic analysis of the tumor is performed for prognostic purposes. Which of the following findings is most strongly associated with an advanced tumor stage and poor clinical outcome?
A 10-year-old boy is evaluated for new-onset headaches. On examination, he is found to have paresis of upward gaze, pupillary light-near dissociation (pupils accommodate but react poorly to light), and eyelid retraction. This constellation of signs is most suggestive of a tumor in which of the following locations?
A 5-year-old boy is diagnosed with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genetic analysis reveals a pathogenic variant in a protooncogene that codes for a membrane-bound receptor integral to cell fate and differentiation, resulting in a constitutively activated protein. Which of the following genes is most likely mutated?
A 3-month-old infant presents with fussiness, poor feeding, and a tense, distended abdomen. The physical exam reveals multiple non-tender, bluish subcutaneous nodules, massive hepatomegaly causing respiratory compromise, and a small, non-palpable primary tumor suspected in the adrenal gland. A bone scan is negative for cortical bone involvement. This clinical presentation is most consistent with which stage of neuroblastoma?
A 4-year-old boy presents with a 2-week history of fatigue, intermittent low-grade fevers, and bone pain that awakens him at night. Physical exam reveals pallor, diffuse petechiae, and hepatosplenomegaly. A complete blood count shows anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a white blood cell count of 3,500/μL with atypical lymphocytes. What is the most common immunophenotype for this likely diagnosis?
A 15-year-old girl presents with a chronic cough and new-onset shortness of breath. A physical exam is unremarkable, but a chest x-ray reveals an anterior mediastinal mass. This presentation is a cardinal symptom of which adolescent malignancy?
A 5-year-old boy with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) presents with a new complaint of progressively decreasing visual acuity in his left eye. An urgent magnetic resonance imaging is ordered to screen for an associated central nervous system tumor. Which of the following tumors is most likely to be found in this patient?
A 2-year-old child presents with periorbital ecchymosis, and a firm, non-tender abdominal mass is palpated on physical exam. The parents also report episodes of unusual, rapid, multidirectional eye movements. What is the most likely underlying diagnosis?
